Duchenne muscular dystrophy in a Filipino boy reaching adulthood, and nine years into oral corticosteroids: A case report

Rationale@#Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a disease that primarily manifests in the early stages of life and progressively affects muscle strength resulting in quadriparesis and ultimately resulting in premature death secondary to cardiac or respiratory failure. DMD is the most common x-linked genetic disorder in children that is because of an alteration of a protein called “dystrophin” which is responsible for strengthening muscle fibers and protecting them from injury as muscles contract and relax. @*Objective@#To highlight the case of a 19-year-old male who was diagnosed with DMD at 8 years of age and treated with oral corticosteroid and rehabilitation. @*Case@#We present the case of a 19-year-old male who developed difficulty climbing stairs and was diagnosed with DMD at 8 years old with the use of clinical exome sequencing. Corticosteroid therapy was initiated and rehabilitation perpetuated which dramatically improved his life expectancy. @*Discussion and Summary@#Clinical exome sequencing was employed on our patient to confirm the diagnosis of DMD from other neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases. Most cases of DMD succumb to cardiopulmonary arrest before reaching adulthood; however, this case exemplifies DMD from other cases since our patient was able to prolong his life with continuation of oral corticosteroid and rehabilitation and in the absence of extensive life support.

Forecasting the burden of disease from diabetes under the scenarios of specific risk factors control in China in 2030 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To forecast mortality, age-standardized mortality, and probability of premature mortality from diabetes, and to simulate the impact of controlling risk factors by 2030 in China. Methods: We simulated the burden of disease from diabetes in six scenarios according to the development goals of risk factors control by the WHO and Chinese government. Based on the theory of comparative risk assessment and the estimates of the burden of disease for China from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015, we used the proportional change model to project the number of deaths, age-standardized mortality, and probability of premature mortality from diabetes under different scenarios of risk factors control in 2030. Results: If the trends in exposures to risk factors from 1990 to 2015 continued. Mortality, age-standardized mortality, and probability of premature mortality from diabetes would increase to 32.57/100 000, 17.32/100 000, and 0.84% by 2030, respectively. During that time, mortality, age-standardized mortality and probability of premature mortality for males would all be higher than for females. If the goals of controlling risk factors were all achieved, the number of deaths from diabetes in 2030 would decrease by 62.10% compared to the predicted numbers based on the historical trends in exposure to risk factors, and the probability of premature mortality would drop to 0.29%. If only the exposure to a single risk factor were achieved by 2030, high fasting plasma glucose control would have the greatest impact on diabetes, resulting in a 56.00% reduction in deaths compared to the predicted numbers based on the historical trends, followed by high BMI (4.92%), smoking (0.65%), and low physical activity (0.53%). Conclusions: Risk factors control plays an important role in reducing the number of deaths, age-standardized mortality rate, and probability of premature mortality from diabetes. We suggest taking comprehensive measures to control relevant risk factors for certain populations and regions, to achieve the goal of reducing the burden of disease from diabetes as expected.

Early death, morbidity and pharmacotherapy in extremely premature and very premature in neonatal intensive care units / Morte precoce, morbidade e farmacoterapia em prematuros extremos e muito prematuros em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the evolution of extremely preterm and very preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units, regarding the use of ventilatory support, morbidities, medication use, death, survival and viability. Methods: a non-concurrent cohort study, with 163 very premature and extreme newborns hospitalized in three neonatal intensive care units, during 2016 and 2017. A descriptive analysis of the data obtained from the medical records was performed. The outcomes studied were the use of ventilatory support, morbidities, medication use, death and causes of death. A survival curve was constructed and a viability limit was defined. Results: in the study, 28.2% were extreme and 71.8% were very premature. In this order of subgroups, the need for mechanical ventilation was higher for the extremes (65.2% and 41.0%) and the main diagnosis was early sepsis (78.6% and 82.6). Off-label (60.5% and 47.9%) and off-license (25.3% and 29.0%) medications were used. Most deaths (57.8%) occurred between the extremes, mainly due to septic shock. Survival was lower for the lowest gestational ages and the limit of viability was between 26 and 27 weeks. Conclusions: the main morbidities were from the respiratory system, with high use of off-label and unlicensed medications. Extremes had a greater demand for intensive care in addition to needing more drugs and progressing more to death.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a evolução dos prematuros extremos e muito prematuros internados em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, quanto ao uso de suporte ventilatório e de medicamentos, óbito, sobrevida e viabilidade. Métodos: estudo de coorte não concorrente, com 163 recém-nascidos muito prematuros e extremos internados em três unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, durante 2016 e 2017. Realizou-se análise descritiva dos dados obtidos dos prontuários. Os desfechos estudados foram o uso de suporte ventilatório, morbidades, uso de medicamentos, óbito e causas de óbito. Foi construída curva de sobrevivência e delimitado um limite de viabilidade. Resultados: no estudo, 28,2% eram extremos e 71,8% muito prematuros. Nessa ordem de subgrupos, a necessidade de ventilação mecânica foi maior para os extremos (65,2% e 41,0%) e o principal diagnóstico foi sepse precoce (78,6% e 82,6).Medicamentos off-label (60,5% e 47,9%) e sem-licença (25,3% e 29,0%) foramutilizados. A maioria dos óbitos (57,8%) ocorreu entre os extremos, principalmente por choque séptico. A sobrevivência foi menor para as menores idades gestacionais e o limite de viabilidade ficou entre 26 e 27 semanas. Conclusões: as principais morbidades foram do sistema respiratório, com alto uso de medicamentos off-label e sem licença. Extremos tiveram maior demanda de cuidados intensivos além de necessitarem de mais medicamentos e evoluírem mais ao óbito.

Intervenções psicológicas necessárias: a prática como residente no serviço de medicina fetal / Necessary psychological interventions: the practice as a resident in the fetal medicine service / Intervenciones psicológicas necesarias: la práctica como residente en el servicio de medicina fetal

Com os avanços tecnológicos e o aprimoramento da prática médica via ultrassonografia, já é possível detectar possíveis problemas no feto desde a gestação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a prática do psicólogo no contexto de gestações que envolvem riscos fetais. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo sob formato de relato de experiência como psicólogo residente no Serviço de Medicina Fetal da Maternidade Escola da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Os registros, feitos por observação participante e diário de campo, foram analisados em dois eixos temáticos: 1) intervenções psicológicas no trabalho em equipe em consulta de pré-natal, exame de ultrassonografia e procedimento de amniocentese; e 2) intervenções psicológicas em casos de bebês incompatíveis com a vida. Os resultados indicaram que o psicólogo nesse serviço é essencial para atuar de forma multiprofissional na assistência pré-natal para gravidezes de alto risco fetal. Ademais, a preceptoria do residente é relevante para sua formação e treinamento para atuação profissional no campo da psicologia perinatal.(AU)

Face to the technological advances and the improvement of medical practice via ultrasound, it is already possible to detect possible problems in the fetus since pregnancy. The objective of this study was to analyze the psychologist's practice in the context of pregnancies which involve fetal risks. It is a qualitative study based on an experience report as a psychologist trainee at the Fetal Medicine Service of the Maternity School of UFRJ. The records, based on the participant observation and field diary, were analyzed in two thematic axes: 1) psychological interventions in the teamwork in the prenatal attendance, ultrasound examination and amniocentesis procedure; and 2) psychological interventions in cases of babies incompatible to the life. The results indicated that the psychologist in this service is essential to work in a multidisciplinary way at the prenatal care for high fetal risk pregnancies. Furthermore, the resident's preceptorship is relevant to their education and training for professional performance in the field of Perinatal Psychology.(AU)

Con los avances tecnológicos y la mejora de la práctica médica a través de la ecografía, ya se puede detectar posibles problemas en el feto desde el embarazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la práctica del psicólogo en el contexto de embarazos de riesgos fetal. Es un estudio cualitativo basado en un relato de experiencia como residente de psicología en el Servicio de Medicina Fetal de la Escuela de Maternidad de la Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Los registros, realizados en la observación participante y el diario de campo, se analizaron en dos ejes temáticos: 1) intervenciones psicológicas en el trabajo en equipo, en la consulta prenatal, ecografía y los procedimientos de amniocentesis; y 2) intervenciones psicológicas en casos de bebés incompatibles con la vida. Los resultados señalaron como fundamental la presencia del psicólogo en este servicio trabajando de forma multidisciplinar en la atención prenatal en el contexto de embarazos de alto riesgo fetal. Además, la tutela del residente es relevante para su educación y formación para el desempeño profesional en el campo de la Psicología Perinatal.(AU)

Desigualdades socioespaciais da mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no município de São Paulo, Brasil, 2006-2019 / Spatial inequalities of premature mortality for chronic non-transmissible diseases in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, 2006 to 2019

Resumo Introdução Este estudo utiliza dados de mortalidade para monitorar as desigualdades sociais em saúde. Objetivo Analisar a tendência das taxas da mortalidade prematura (30-69 anos) por grupos selecionados de DCNT em áreas de inclusão e exclusão social no Município de São Paulo (MSP), entre 2006 e 2019, e avaliar a magnitude das desigualdades nos triênios de 2006-2008 e 2017-2019. Método Utilizou-se o Índice de Exclusão/Inclusão para delimitação das áreas, regressão de Prais-Winsten para análise das tendências e Razão entre Taxas (RT) para mensurar as desigualdades. Resultados As tendências apresentaram declínios, sendo maiores na área de inclusão social, no sexo masculino, para Doenças Isquêmicas do Coração (DIC), Doenças Crônicas das Vias Respiratórias Inferiores (DCR) e Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Ocorreram aumentos significativos das RT no sexo masculino para DIC (1,62 e 2,17), DCR (1,60 e 3,00) e DM (1,81 e 2,26), enquanto no feminino não se observou ampliação. Conclusão O declínio das taxas nas áreas de exclusão social, a não ampliação da desigualdade nas mulheres, e por doenças cerebrovasculares e hipertensivas nos homens, provavelmente se devem à existência de um sistema universal de saúde. A ampliação da desigualdade entre homens requer adequação dos serviços de saúde para assegurar a integralidade desse grupo.

Abstract Background This study uses mortality data to monitor social inequalities in health. Objective To analyze the trend in premature mortality rates (30 to 69 years) by selected groups of NCDs in areas of social inclusion and exclusion in the city of São Paulo, between 2006 and 2019, and to assess the magnitude of inequalities in the years 2006-2008 and 2017-2019. Method The Exclusion/Inclusion Index was used to delimit areas, Prais-Winsten regression to analyze trends, and rate ratio (RT) to measure inequalities. Results The trends showed declines, with greater social inclusion in males for ischemic heart diseases (IHD), chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract (DLRT) and diabetes mellitus (DM). There were significant increases in RT in males for IHD (1.62 and 2.17), DCR (1.60 and 3.00) and DM (1.81 and 2.26), while in females there was no increase. Conclusion The decline in rates in areas of social exclusion, the non-expansion of inequality in women and, due to cerebrovascular and hypertensive diseases in men, is probably due to the existence of a universal health system. The expansion of inequality between men requires adequate health services to ensure the integrality of this group.

Años de vida saludable perdidos por diabetes mellitus en Cuba / Years of Healthy Life Lost Due to Diabetes Mellitus in Cuba

Introducción: El reciente incremento de la prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus en Cuba sucedió con mayor celeridad, y las políticas encaminadas a su control requieren de su cuantificación sistemática. Objetivo: Identificar las diferencias en Cuba, según provincia y sexo, de los años de vida saludable perdidos por la diabetes mellitus en el 2015. Métodos: En el estudio de extensión nacional se obtuvieron los años de vida saludable perdidos como resultado de la suma de los años perdidos de vida potencial por mortalidad prematura y los años de vida perdidos por morbilidad y otros indicadores para identificar la mortalidad temprana en el año 2015. Resultados: En todas las provincias los índices de años de vida saludable perdidos por morbilidad superaron los de mortalidad prematura con predominio del sexo femenino, mientras en la mayoría de las provincias, las edades de las defunciones fueron más tempranas en el masculino. Las diferencias halladas permitieron agrupar a Artemisa, La Habana, Mayabeque, Matanzas, Villa Clara, Cienfuegos, Santi Spíritus y Camagüey, con los mayores promedios de años perdidos por morbilidad y fallecimientos más tardíos, y al resto de las provincias cubanas, con los menores años perdidos por morbilidad, pero con defunciones en edades más tempranas. Conclusiones: Las pérdidas de años de vida saludable difieren según el sexo y la provincia. Este conocimiento permite la identificación de diferentes patrones de morbimortalidad útiles para orientar las acciones de prevención y control de la enfermedad para cada territorio(AU)

Introduction: The recent increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Cuba occurred more rapidly, and policies aimed at its control require systematic quantification. Objective: To identify the differences in Cuba, according to province and sex, of the years of healthy life lost due to diabetes mellitus in 2015. Methods: The national extension study collected data on the healthy years of life lost as a result of the sum of years lost from potential life due to premature mortality and years of life lost due to morbidity and other indicators to identify early mortality in 2015. Results: In all provinces, the rates of years of healthy life lost due to morbidity exceeded those of premature mortality with a predominance of women, while in most provinces, the ages of death were earlier in the male sex. The differences found allowed to group Artemisa, Havana, Mayabeque, Matanzas, Villa Clara, Cienfuegos, Santi Spíritus and Camagüey provincesn with the highest averages of years lost due to morbidity and later deaths, and the rest of the Cuban provinces, with the lowest years lost due to morbidity, but with deaths at younger ages. Conclusions: Losses of years of healthy life differ by sex and province. This knowledge allows the identification of different patterns of morbidity and mortality useful to guide the prevention and control actions of the disease for each territory(AU)

Más allá de la cura: la necesidad de implementar un sistema de seguimiento a largo plazo para los supervivientes de cáncer infantil en Colombia / Beyond the cure: the need to implement a long-term follow-up system for childhood cancer survivors in Colombia

Resumen Con el advenimiento de tratamientos multidisciplinarios y de alta calidad, la supervivencia global a cinco años por cáncer en la población pediátrica ha mejorado considerablemente, llegando a ser hasta de 80% en países de altos ingresos. En Colombia también ha habido un aumento progresivo de la supervivencia global a 5 años, particularmente para las neoplasias hematológicas. En consecuencia, el número de supervivientes de cáncer infantil ha aumentado de forma importante en los últimos años y junto con ellos la aparición de eventos adversos tardíos relacionados con mayor morbilidad y riesgo de muerte prematura en la edad adulta. Aunque se han venido implementando estrategias de seguimiento a supervivientes de cáncer infantil en países de altos ingresos, en Colombia se han realizado pocos esfuerzos para la implementación de estas estrategias. De hecho, la práctica común en la mayoría de los centros de tratamiento consiste en dar de alta al niño que cumple 5 años de seguimiento oncológico, sin instrucciones precisas para dicho seguimiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo es argumentar sobre la necesidad de diseñar e implementar estrategias de seguimiento para supervivientes de cáncer infantil en el contexto colombiano.

Abstract With the advent of high-quality multidisciplinary treatments, the overall 5-year cancer survival in the pediatric population has improved considerably, reaching up to 80% in high-income countries. In Colombia, there has also been a progressive increase in overall 5-year survival, particularly for hematologic malignancies. Consequently, the number of childhood cancer survivors has increased significantly in recent years and, together with them, the occurrence of late adverse events related to increased morbidity and risk of premature death in adulthood. Although follow-up strategies have been implemented for childhood cancer survivors in high-income countries, few efforts have been made in Colombia to implement these strategies. In fact, the common practice in most treatment centers is to discharge children who have had 5 years of cancer follow-up, without precise instructions for long-term follow-up. This paper aims to argue about the need to design and implement follow-up strategies for survivors of childhood cancer in the Colombian context.

Estratégias para enfrentamento da mortalidade precoce por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis / Strategies for coping with early mortality from non-communicable chronic diseases

As Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNTs) tendem a ser de longa duração e são o resultado de uma combinação de fatores genéticos, fisiológicos, ambientais e comportamentais. Tais agravos matam 41 milhões de pessoas a cada ano, o equivalente a 74% de todas as mortes no mundo, principalmente mortes prematuras, além de acarretar a perda de qualidade de vida, limitações e incapacidades, constituindo a maior carga de morbimortalidade. Sendo assim, esta síntese de evidências traz alguns pontos do Plano de Ações Estratégicas para o Enfrentamento das Doenças Não Transmissíveis no Brasil (2011-2022), que tem o intuito de reduzir a carga de DCNTs e evitar mortes prematuras, além de promover o desenvolvimento e a implementação de políticas públicas efetivas, integradas, sustentáveis e baseadas em evidências para a prevenção e o controle das DCNTs e seus fatores de risco e fortalecer os serviços de saúde voltados às doenças crônicas

Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors. Such diseases kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 74% of all deaths in the world, mainly premature deaths, in addition to causing a loss of quality of life, limitations and disabilities, constituting the highest burden of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, this synthesis of evidence presents some points of the Strategic Action Plan for Combating Noncommunicable Diseases in Brazil (2011-2022), which aims to reduce the burden of NCDs and prevent premature deaths, in addition to promoting the development and the implementation of effective, integrated, sustainable and evidence-based public policies for the prevention and control of CNCDs and their risk factors and to strengthen health services aimed at chronic diseases

Evolución de pacientes hospitalizados durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Perú / Evolution of hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru

Resumen Introducción: La hospitalización de pacientes durante la pandemia de COVID-19 se incrementó de manera importante, y evidenció las carencias de los sistemas de salud, que no respondieron de forma adecuada y eficiente. Objetivo: Determinar la evolución de pacientes hospitalizados durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Perú. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva, transversal, retrospectiva. Efectuada con una data de 115 306 pacientes, a quienes se valoró su última evolución, el ingreso a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, si recibieron oxígeno o ventilación, fallecidos por COVID-19 y vacunación contra esta enfermedad, según los datos de la plataforma nacional de datos abiertos del Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Para analizar los datos se usaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas y para la asociación comparativa de variables, el chi cuadrado de homogeneidad con una significancia estadística de p < 0,01. Resultados: De los pacientes que ingresaron a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, que recibieron oxígeno y ventilación, el 51,1 %, 59,1 % y 44,9 %, respectivamente, fueron dados de alta. Del 28,3 % de pacientes que fallecieron, el 90,2 % fue por COVID-19. La mayor proporción fueron adultos (51,1 %) y adultos mayores (31,2 %), de los cuales el 36,3 % y 62,4 % fallecieron por COVID-19. De los fallecidos por COVID-19, el 96,9 % no tenía ninguna dosis de vacuna contra la enfermedad. Conclusión: Más de la mitad de los pacientes que ingresaron a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y recibieron oxígeno fueron dados de alta, la mayoría de los fallecidos por COVID-19 fueron adultos, adultos mayores y no vacunados. Las diferencias entre todos los pares de variables comparadas fueron altamente significativas (p < 0,001).

Abstract Introduction: The hospitalization of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic increased significantly, and evidenced the shortcomings of the health systems, which did not respond adequately and efficiently. Objective: To determine the evolution of hospitalized patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Methods: Descriptive, cross sectional, retrospective research. Done with a data of 115,306 patients, who were assessed their latest evolution, admission to the Intensive Care Unit, if they received oxygen or ventilation, died from COVID-19 and vaccination against this disease, according to data from the national data platform open from the Ministry of Health of Peru. To analyze the data, absolute and relative frequencies were used and for the comparative association of variables, the chi-square of homogeneity with a statistical significance of p <0.01. Results: Of the patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, who received oxygen and ventilation, 51.1%, 59.1% and 44.9%, respectively, were discharged. Of the 28.3% of patients who died, 90.2% were from COVID-19. The largest proportion were adults (51.1%) and older adults (31.2%), of which 36.3% and 62.4% died from COVID-19. Of those who died from COVID-19, 96.9% did not have any dose of vaccine against the disease. Conclusion: More than half of the patients who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit and received oxygen were discharged, the majority of deaths from COVID-19 were adults, older adults and not vaccinated. The differences between all pairs of compared variables were highly significant (p <0.001).

Analysis on mortality and premature death rates of 4 major chronic diseases in Ji'nan, 2015-2020 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the characteristics and trend of the premature death rate of 4 major chronic diseases in Ji'nan from 2015 to 2020. Methods: The death cause surveillance data and population data during 2015-2020 in Ji'nan were collected, and abbreviated life table, Joinpoint regression analysis and other methods were used to analyze the characteristics and change trends of the premature death rates of 4 major chronic diseases. Results: The crude mortality rate and age standardized mortality rate changes for the 4 major chronic diseases from 2015 to 2020 range from 568.65/100 000 to 604.06/100 000 and 366.77/100 000 to 432.48/100 000, respectively. The annual premature death rate of 4 major chronic diseases declined by 3.33% averagely from 2015 to 2020 (95%CI: -6.25%--0.32%), which might be explained by the declines of the premature death rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [average annual percentage change (AAPC)=-3.23%, 95%CI: -6.32%--0.05%] and cancer (AAPC=-3.58%,95%CI:-6.83%--0.21%). The average decline rate in women (AAPC=-4.19%,95%CI:-7.56%- -0.70%) was higher than that in men (AAPC=-2.92%,95%CI: -5.65%--0.11%). Conclusions: The premature death rate of 4 major chronic diseases showed a downward trend in Ji'nan from 2015 to 2020. Men should be considered as a key population in the prevention and control of 4 major chronic diseases, and attention should also be paid to the non-significant declines in the premature death rates of chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.

Prediction of disease burden caused by malignant cancer in the context of risk factor control in China, 2030 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To predict the number of deaths, standardized mortality and probability of premature mortality caused by malignant cancer in the context of risk factor control at different levels in China in 2030, and assess the possibility of achieving the target of reducing the probability of premature mortality of malignant cancer. Methods: According to the risk factor control standard for malignant cancer used both at home and abroad, the results of China from Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 were used to calculate the population attributable fraction of the risk factors. Based on the comparative risk assessment theory, the deaths of malignant cancer were classified as attributable deaths and un-attributable deaths. Proportional change model was used to predict risk factor exposure and un-attributable deaths of malignant cancer in the future, then the number of deaths, standardized mortality rate and probability of premature mortality of malignant cancer in 2030 was estimated. Data analyses were performed by using software R 3.6.1. Results: If the risk factor exposure level during 1990-2015 remains, the number of deaths, standardized mortality rate, and probability of premature mortality of malignant cancer would increase to 3.62 million, 153.96/100 000 and 8.92% by 2030, respectively. If the risk factor exposure control level meets the requirement, the probability of premature mortality from cancer in people aged 30-70 years would drop to 7.57% by 2030. Conclusions: The control of risk factor exposure will play an important role in reducing deaths, standardized mortality rate and probability of premature mortality of malignant cancer. But more efforts are needed to achieve the goals of Health China Action.

Prediction on the cardio-cerebrovascular death and probability of premature death caused by common risk factors in China in 2030 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: Predictive models were used to evaluate the impact of common risk factors on the number of cardio-cerebrovascular deaths and the probability of premature death. Methods: Using the data for China estimated by the Global Burden of Disease study 2015 (GBD 2015), we calculated the population attribution fraction (PAF) of risk factors. The proportional change model was used to estimate the number of unattributable deaths by 2030, and to predict the number of deaths, mortality, standardized mortality and probability of premature death by 2030. Results: According to the natural change trend of risk factors from 1990 to 2015, the number of deaths and mortality would reach 6.12 million and 428.53/100 000 by 2030, with an increase of 59.92% and 52.87%. By 2030, the probability of premature death from cardio-cerebrovascular diseases among Chinese aged 30-70 years old would continue to decline, from 11.43% to 11.28% for men, and from 5.79% to 4.43% for women. If the goals of all included risk factors were reached by 2030, 2 289 200 cardio-cerebrovascular deaths would be avoided. If only the exposure to a single risk factor was achieved by 2030, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and fine particulate matter exposure were the three most important factors affecting cardio-cerebrovascular deaths, which would reduce 1 332 800, 609 100 and 306 800 deaths, respectively. Among the involved risk factors, the control of blood pressure would mostly decrease the number of deaths due to ischemic heart disease and hemorrhagic stroke, about 677 300 and 391 100 deaths, accordingly. Conclusion: The control of risk factors is of great significance in reducing deaths and probability of premature death due to cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. If the control targets of all risk factors could be achieved by 2030, the burden of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases would be reduced greatly.

Contextual factors in premature non-communicable disease mortality in selected African countries within the sustainable development goals framework: the implication of voice and accountability

Sustainable Development Goal number 3, target 4 (SDG 3.4), seeks a 30% reduction in premature Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) mortality from 2015 levels by 2030. Africa United Nations (UN) Member States continue to experience increasing NCD mortality significantly, with the highest proportion of diabetes mortality among the working-age group. Past efforts to address this burden have been centered primarily on individual risk modifications evident by the NCDs Cluster Program at the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa Regional Office. To achieve a progressive reduction, a comprehensive premature NCD reduction approach which includes a consideration of contexts within which premature NCD, such diabetes mortality arises is necessary. The aim was to examine the relationship between contextual factors and diabetes-related deaths as premature NCD mortality and to enable an improved contextualized evidence-based approach to premature NCD mortality reduction. Country-level data was retrieved for post SDG initiative years (2016-2019) from multiple publicly available data sources for 32 selected Africa UN Member States in the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) East and West Africa Region. Multiple linear regression was employed to examine the relationship between diabetes-related deaths in individuals 20-79 years and contextual factors identified within the SDG framework. Weighted data analysis showed that voice and accountability as a contextual factor explained approximately 47% variability in diabetes-related deaths across the selected Africa UN Member Sates in IDF East and West Region (n=32). Civil society engagement is vital to develop effective premature NCD mortality reduction policies, and strategies and stakeholders' accountabilities are necessary to ensure adherence to obligations.

Impact of the use of surfactant and Nasal CPAP in the reduction of mortality among very low birth weight preterm babies in Ile-Ife, south western Nigeria

Background: Respiratory distress syndrome causes significant morbidity and death especially among very low birth weight babies. Though the use of CPAP and surfactant have been shown to improve survival, these interventions were scarcely available in the past. This study aimed at comparing the clinical outcomes of preterm babies with RDS delivered at the Ife Hospital Unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex at two different periods. Objective: To compare the birth weight specific mortality rates and overall mortality rates of preterm babies with RDS between two periods in the neonatal ward of the Ife Hospital Unit of OAUTHC. Methods: A retrospective study comparing outcomes of 92 babies with RDS at GA 26 to 33+6 weeks between January 2015 and May 2016 and managed with intranasal oxygen alone to 104 babies of same gestational age characteristics between January 2019 and May 2020 who were managed withCPAP/surfactant. Results: The mean weight and gestational age of the babies respectively were 1.36 (±0.37) kg and 31.14 (±2.3) weeks in 2015/2016 and 1.35 (±0.322) kg and 30.95 (±2.24) weeks in 2019/2020. The overall case fatality rate and birth-weight specific mortality rates for ELBW, VLBW and LBW were 33.7%, 62.5%, 35.2% and 9.1% in 2015/2016 and 18.3%, 58.3%, 15.5% and 9.7% respectively in 2019/2020. Conclusion: While the use of CPAP and the administration of surfactant clearly show improved survival among very low birth weight babies who are at increased risk of death from RDS, this was not the case for extreme low birth weight babies.

Years of life lost due to premature deaths associated with air pollution: an ecological time-series study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Exposure to air pollutants is associated with hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases and premature deaths. OBJECTIVE: To estimate years of life lost (YLL) due to premature deaths and their financial costs. DESIGN AND SETTING: Ecological time-series study carried out in São José dos Campos, Brazil, in 2016. METHODS: Data on deaths among residents of this city in 2016 were assessed to estimate the financial cost of premature deaths associated with air pollution. The diagnoses studied were ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure and cerebrovascular disease, according to YLL. The fractions attributable to deaths associated with air pollutant exposure and to each potential year of life lost were calculated using negative binomial regression with lags of 0-7 days between exposure and outcome. Nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter (PM10) and ozone concentrations were included in the model and adjusted for temperature, humidity and seasonality. RESULTS: Exposure to particulate matter was significant at lag 3 days. There were 2177 hospitalizations over the study period, with 201 deaths (9.2%). Premature deaths led to 2035.69 years of life lost. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 concentrations was correlated with 8.0% of the hospitalizations, which corresponded to 152.67 YLL (81.67 for males and 71.00 for females). The cost generated was approximately US$ 9.1 million in 2016. CONCLUSION: In this first study conducted in a medium-sized Brazilian city, using the YLL methodology, we identified an excess expense attributable to air pollution.

Mortalidad prematura según causas seleccionadas en el Policlínico 5 de septiembre / Premature Mortality due to Selected Causes in 5 de Septiembre Municipality

Introducción: El conocimiento de las tendencias de mortalidad prematura en una población puede contribuir a realizar acciones que disminuyan los años de vida potencial perdidos por distintas causas. Objetivo: determinar la tendencia de mortalidad prematura por enfermedad de arterias, arteriolas y vasos, enfermedad cerebrovascular, infarto agudo del miocardio, diabetes mellitus, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y cáncer de mama, próstata, bucal, colon y cérvix en el policlínico 5 de septiembre de Consolación del Sur. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo del total de fallecidos prematuramente n = 313 por las causas seleccionadas, para ello se analizaron, a través de estadística descriptiva, los datos del Registro de Mortalidad de la Dirección Provincial de Salud Pública de Pinar del Río. Resultados: Existió correspondencia entre el incremento de la edad y el aumento de los fallecidos, los más afectados fueron el grupo etario 60-69 años, el sexo masculino y el color blanco de piel. Solo las enfermedades de arterias, arteriolas y vasos, la EPOC y la diabetes mellitus mostraron tendencia al ascenso. El mayor riesgo de morir prematuramente correspondió a los Grupos Básicos de Trabajo 2 y 4, y las causas de mayor tasa fueron la enfermedad cerebrovascular, infarto agudo de miocardio y EPOC. La población estudiada perdió 9,86 años de vida como promedio y el cáncer de cérvix fue la enfermedad que más aportó años de vida potencial perdidos. Conclusiones: Se apreció tendencia a la disminución de mortalidad prematura general por las enfermedades estudiadas(AU)

Introduction: Knowledge about tendencies of premature mortality in a population can contribute to carrying out actions that reduce the number of years of potential life lost due to different causes. Objective: To determine the tendency of premature mortality due to disease of the arteries, arterioles and vessels, cerebrovascular disease, acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as breast, prostate, oral, colon and cervical cancer in 5 de Septiembre Polyclinic of Consolación del Sur Municipality. Methods: A retrospective and descriptive study was carried out with the total number of prematurely deceased (n=313) for the selected causes. For this purpose, the data from the Mortality Registry of the Provincial Directorate of Public Health of Pinar del Río were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Results: There was a correspondence between increase in age and increase in deaths; the most affected were those in age group 60-69 years, as well as the male sex and white skin color. Only diseases of the arteries, arterioles and vessels, COPD and diabetes mellitus showed an upward tendency. The highest risk for dying prematurely corresponded to the basic work groups 2 and 4, while the causes with the highest rate were cerebrovascular disease, acute myocardial infarction and COPD. The study population lost 9.86 years of life on average and cervical cancer was the disease that accounted for the highest amount of lost years of potential life. Conclusions: There was a tendency towards a decrease in general premature mortality due to the diseases studied(AU)

Caracterización de la prevalencia y mortalidad por hipertensión arterial en Cuba, decenio 2009- 2018 / Characterization of prevalence and mortality from arterial hypertension in Cuba, 2009-2018 decade

Introducción: la presión arterial elevada, fue el principal factor asociado con mortalidad prematura, tras causar casi 10 millones de muertes y más de 200 millones de años de vida ajustados por discapacidad en el mundo y el que más muertes, de causa cardiovascular, origina. Es una enfermedad silenciosa, raramente causa síntomas en las primeras etapas, por lo general, no se diagnostica oportunamente. Objetivo: caracterizar la prevalencia y mortalidad por hipertensión arterial en Cuba, en el decenio 2009- 2018. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio ecológico, sobre la hipertensión arterial en Cuba. Se tuvieron en cuenta, la dispensarización, las tasas de mortalidad brutas por las enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, del corazón y las hipertensivas en el decenio 2009- 2018. Los anuarios estadísticos publicados por la Dirección Nacional de Estadísticas, del Ministerio de Salud Pública de esos años fueron la fuente de información. Resultados: la prevalencia total de la hipertensión arterial en Cuba presentó un ligero aumento en el decenio. Fue más frecuente en las personas del sexo femenino. Las tasas de mortalidad por enfermedades hipertensivas exhibieron una tendencia al incremento. Conclusiones: las tasas de prevalencia de hipertensión arterial reportadas en Cuba en el primer nivel de atención de salud estuvieron en el rango intermedio entre las cifras mundiales y la región de las Américas. En el decenio su prevalencia general mostró un ligero incremento, en tanto que la mortalidad por enfermedades hipertensivas casi se duplicó, lo que sugiere la necesidad de optimizar la pesquisa activa de hipertensión arterial(AU)

Introduction: High blood pressure was the main factor associated with premature mortality, causing almost 10 million deaths and more than 200 million disability-adjusted life years in the world, also being the factor that causes the majority of deaths due to cardiovascular causes. It is a silent disease that rarely causes symptoms in early stages of the disease. It is usually not diagnosed promptly. Objective: To characterize the prevalence and mortality due to arterial hypertension in Cuba in the decade 2009-2018. Material and methods: An ecological study was carried out on arterial hypertension in Cuba. Dispensarization, gross mortality rates due to diseases of the circulatory system, heart diseases and hypertensive diseases were taken into account in the decade 2009-2018. The source of information was made up by the statistical yearbooks corresponding to those years published by the National Directorate of Statistics of the Ministry of Public Health. Results: The total prevalence of arterial hypertension in Cuba presented a slight increase in the decade. It was more frequent in the female sex. Mortality rates from hypertensive diseases exhibited an increasing trend. Conclusions: The prevalence rates of arterial hypertension reported in Cuba in the first level of health care were in the intermediate range between the world figures and the region of the Americas. In the decade, its general prevalence showed a slight increase, while mortality from hypertensive diseases almost doubled, which suggests the need to optimize the active screening for arterial hypertension(AU)

Carga de enfermedad por lesiones de causas externas en Bucaramanga, Colombia 2017 / Burden of disease by external causes of injury in Bucaramanga, Colombia 2017

Resumen Introducción: Las lesiones por causa externa son uno de los principales problemas de salud pública en el mundo, y la metodología estandarizada de carga de enfermedad a través de los años de vida saludable perdidos (AVISAS) permite conocer el estado de salud poblacional y priorizar acciones. Objetivo: Determinar la carga de enfermedad en términos de discapacidad y muerte como consecuencia de lesiones por causas externas en Bucaramanga, 2017. Diseño metodológico: Estudio descriptivo de carga de la enfermedad. Se estimó los AVISAS producidos por LCE utilizando las bases de datos del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas, Sistema de Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública y Registro Individual de la Prestación de Servicios de Salud, del año 2017, de la ciudad de Bucaramanga. Resultados: Se estimó una carga global de enfermedad por LCE de 12,04 AVISAS por cada 1000 personas; 0,51 AVISAS atribuibles a discapacidad y 11,53 AVISAS, a mortalidad. Las agresiones y accidentes de tránsito (AT) son las dos principales LCE con mayor número de AVISAS. En la población de 5-59 años las agresiones y AT presentan AVISAS por mortalidad de mayor peso; los AT son la principal causa externa en la población de 60 a 79 años y la segunda en mayores de 80 años. Conclusiones: Considerando que los AT fueron la causa externa con las más altas AVISAS atribuidas a mortalidad prematura, se recomienda implementar o intensificar estrategias de alto impacto que contribuyan a disminuir los AT.

Abstract Introduction: Injuries due to external causes are one of the main worldwide public health problems. The standardized methodology to evaluate burden diseases through the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) allows us to know the health condition in a population and prioritize actions. Objective: To determine the burden of disease in terms of disability and death as consequence of injuries due to external causes in Bucaramanga, 2017. Methodology: Descriptive study was conducted. The DALYs produced by injuries due to external causes were estimated using information from the National Administrative Department of Statistics, the National Public Health Surveillance System and the Individual Registry of Service Provision of Health databases from 2017 for the city of Bucaramanga, Colombia. Results: The global burden of diseases due to external causes was estimated at 12.04 DALYs per 1000 inhabitants; 0.51 DALYs were attributed to disability and 11.53 DALYs to mortality. Assaults and road traffic accident injuries (RTAI) were the main external causes with higher DALYs. In the population between 5 and 59 years old, assaults and RTAI had the highest DALYs attributed to mortality. RTAI were the first external cause of DALYSs in the population between 60 and 79 years old, and the second cause in the population older than 80 years. Conclusion: Considering that RTAI was the external cause with the highest DALYs attributed to premature mortality, it is recommended to implement or intensify high-impact strategies to reduce RTAI.

Premature mortality due to non-communicable diseases in Brazilian municipalities estimated for the three-year periods of 2010 to 2012 and 2015 to 2017 / Mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis nos municípios brasileiros, nos triênios de 2010 a 2012 e 2015 a 2017

ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Brazilian municipalities. Methods: This ecological study estimated premature mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer and diabetes in Brazilian municipalities, for the three-year periods of 2010 to 2012 and 2015 to 2017, and it analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of these rates. Data treatment combined proportional redistribution of the missing data and ill-defined causes, and the application of coefficients for under-registration correction. The local empirical Bayesian estimator was used to calculate municipal mortality rates. Results: Rates for the set of chronic diseases decreased in Brazil between the three-year periods. The mean rates for total NCDs declined in the South, Southeast and Central-West regions, remained stable in the North and increased in the Northeast. Mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases were the highest in all regions but showed the greatest declines between the periods. Cancers were the second leading cause of death. The North and Northeast regions stood out as having increased mean rates of cancer between the periods analyzed and showing the highest mean premature mortality rates due to diabetes in the 2015 to 2017 period. Conclusion: Spatial and temporal distribution of premature mortality rates due to NCDs differed between Brazilian municipalities and regions in the three-year periods evaluated. The South and Southeast had decreased rates of deaths due to cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases, as well as diabetes. The North and Northeast had increased rates of deaths due to cancer. There was an increase in the rate of deaths due to diabetes in the Central-West.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis nos municípios brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo ecológico com estimativa das taxas de mortalidade prematura por doenças cardiovasculares, respiratórias crônicas, neoplasias e diabetes nos municípios brasileiros, nos triênios de 2010 a 2012 e 2015 a 2017, e análise da distribuição espacial e temporal dessas taxas. Realizou-se redistribuição proporcional dos dados faltantes e das causas mal definidas, e aplicaram-se coeficientes para correção de sub-registro. As taxas municipais de mortalidade foram calculadas pelo estimador bayesiano empírico local. Resultados: No Brasil, houve redução das médias das taxas municipais para o conjunto das doenças crônicas entre os triênios. No Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, houve declínio das médias das taxas para o total das DCNT; e no Nordeste, viu-se acréscimo. As médias das taxas de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares foram as mais altas em todas as regiões, mas apresentaram os maiores declínios entre os períodos. As neoplasias representaram o segundo principal grupo de causas. Norte e Nordeste destacaram-se pelo aumento das taxas médias de neoplasias entre os períodos analisados, bem como pela concentração das taxas mais altas de mortalidade prematura por diabetes no triênio 2015 a 2017. Conclusão: Diferenças na distribuição espaçotemporal das taxas de mortalidade prematura por DCNT foram identificadas entre municípios e regiões brasileiras. Houve redução das taxas por doenças cardiovasculares, respiratórias crônicas e diabetes no Sul e no Sudeste; aumento das taxas por neoplasias no Norte e no Nordeste; e aumento por diabetes no Norte e no Centro-Oeste.

Mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e cobertura da atenção básica: análise dos indicadores / Mortalidad prematura por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y cobertura de atención: análisis de los indicadores / Premature mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases and coverage of primary care: analysis of indicators

Objetivo: avaliar a taxa de mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) e sua associação com a cobertura populacional pelas equipes de Atenção Básica nos municípios de Santa Catarina. Método: estudo transversal que utilizou dados secundários do banco de dados oficiais do Estado. Os indicadores mortalidade prematura por DCNT e cobertura populacional pelas equipes de Atenção Básica nos anos 2017 e 2018, foram coletados em 2019. Os dados foram analisados no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versão 25.0, para estatística descritiva e apresentados por média e desvio padrão. Utilizou-se teste de correlação de Spearman para as variáveis em estudo. Resultados: houve aumento nas taxas de mortalidade prematura por DCNT e redução na cobertura populacional pelas equipes de Atenção Básica, sem associação significativa entre esses indicadores. Conclusão: o aumento da mortalidade prematura por DCNT e o não cumprimento das metas pactuadas requerem avaliação das ações realizadas na Atenção Básica.

Objective: to evaluate the rate of premature mortality due to chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCD) and its association with population Coverage of Primary Care teams in Santa Catarina municipalities. Method: cross-sectional study that used secondary data from the official state database. The indicators premature Mortality due to CNCD and population Coverage of Primary Care teams in the years 2017 and 2018 were collected in 2019. The data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25.0, for descriptive statistics and presented by mean and standard deviation. Spearman correlation test was used for the variables under study. Results: there was an increase in the rates of premature Mortality due to CNCD and a reduction in population Coverage of Primary Care teams, with no significant association between these indicators. Conclusion: the increase in premature mortality due to CNCD and the non-compliance with the agreed goals require evaluation of the actions performed in Primary Care.

Objetivo: evaluar la tasa de mortalidad prematura por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) y su asociación con la cobertura poblacional por parte de los equipos de atención primaria en los municipios de Santa Catarina. Método: estudio transversal que utilizó datos secundarios de la base de datos oficial del estado. Los indicadores Mortalidad prematura por ECNT y cobertura poblacional por parte de los equipos de atención primaria en los años 2017 y 2018 se recogieron en 2019. Los datos fueron analizados en el Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versión 25.0, para estadística descriptiva y presentados por media y desviación estándar. La prueba de correlación de Spearman se utilizó para las variables en estudio. Resultados: hubo aumento en las tasas de mortalidad prematura debido a la ECNT y reducción en la cobertura poblacional por parte de los equipos de atención primaria, sin una asociación significativa entre estos indicadores. Conclusión: el aumento de la Mortalidad prematura por ECNT y el incumplimiento de las metas acordadas requiere evaluación de las acciones realizadas en Atención Primaria.